Topic Six Essay

Point Six Essay Point Six Essay Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Meeting 6 7 Segmentation and Targeting LB5202 Marketing Management 1 Learning Outcomes After this meeting you ought to have the option to: Clarify showcase division and the bases Clarify the prerequisites for powerful division: †quantifiability, availability, generosity, noteworthiness Examine the way toward assessing and choosing market sections Clarify situating for upper hand 7 Segmentation and Targeting LB5202 Marketing Management 2 Three phases of promoting Mass advertising †dealer mass produces, mass conveys and mass elevates one item to all purchasers. Item assortment advertising †dealer produces at least two items that have various highlights, styles, quality, estimates, etc Target showcasing †merchant distinguishes advertise fragments, chooses at least one of them, and creates items and promoting blends custom-made to each. 7 Segmentation and Targeting LB5202 Marketing Management 3 Steps in showcase division, focusing on and situating Kotler, Brown, Burton, Dean and Armstrong (2010, p.204) 7 Segmentation and Targeting LB5202 Marketing Management 4 Three significant strides in target promoting Market division partitioning a market into particular gatherings of purchasers with various necessities, qualities or practices require separate items or promoting blends Market focusing on assessing each market segment’s engaging quality choosing at least one of the market portions to enter Market situating setting the serious situating for the item and making a point by point showcasing blend 7 Segmentation and Targeting LB5202 Marketing Management 5 Market division Markets comprise of purchasers †vary in at least one different ways Vary in their needs, assets, areas, purchasing mentalities and purchasing rehearses †purchasers have one of a kind needs and needs, each is possibly a different market †plan a different promoting program for every purchaser †dealers face bigger quantities of littler purchasers and don't discover total division beneficial †they search for wide classes of purchasers who contrast in their item needs or purchasing reactions †assembled into fragments that are probably going to respond comparatively 7 Segmentation and Targeting LB5202 Marketing Management 6 Bases for fragmenting shopper markets Geographic Segment isolating a market into various land units separating the market into bunches dependent on factors: †countries, districts, states, regions, urban areas or neighborhoods †age, sexual orientation, family size, family life cycle, pay, occupation, training, religion, race and nationality www.bing.com/pictures/(got to 1/6/11) 7 Segmentation and Targeting LB5202 Marketing Management 7 Bases for sectioning buyer markets Age and life-cycle stage Shopper needs and needs change with age, age and life-cycle division isolates a market dependent on age and life-cycle bunches Gender: since quite a while ago utilized in garments, beautifying agents and magazines account and vehicles, among others www.bing.com/pictures/(got to 1/6/11) 7 Segmentation and Targeting LB5202 Marketing Management 8 Bases for fragmenting shopper markets Occupation Pay †utilized in products and enterprises, for example, vehicles, vessels, garments and travel Multivariate segment Professional Specialized Official †Segmentation by joining at least two segment factors. Deals Low Medium High Pay 7 Segmentation and Targeting LB5202 Marketing Management 9 Bases for fragmenting buyer markets Psychographic: †purchasers sectioned on mental/character characteristics, way of life or qualities †individuals in the equivalent geodemographic gathering can have various profiles Social: †sectioned into bunches dependent on their insight into the item, their mentality towards it, the manner in which they use it and their reactions to it Advantages looked for: †portioned by the various advantages they look for from the item. 7 Segmentation and Targeting LB5202 Marketing Management 10 Bases for division â€

The eNotes Blog One Teachers Most Important Lesson How to Save aLife

One Teachers Most Important Lesson How to Save aLife In a typical center reality where educating is once in a while increasingly worried about assessing understudies aptitudes for test-taking than with assessing their prosperity, one instructor has built up a smart strategy for following her childrens contemplations and emotions, and perhaps sparing lives simultaneously. On Glennon Doyle Mertons Momastery blog, she composes of her children math instructor, an anonymous, unrecognized yet truly great individual. What makes her so? One evening, Merton dropped by her children fifth-grade homeroom for help on the best way to all the more likely guide him with his schoolwork, and she and his instructor got to talking. After some time they proceeded onward from strategies for long division to ways of thinking of instructing, both concurring that subjects like math and perusing are the least significant things that are found out in a study hall, that we owe it to understudies to impart in them graciousness, sympathy, and valiance most importantly. What's more, that is the point at which this educator imparted a mystery strategy to Merton. Each Friday as a general rule she requests that understudies compose on a bit of paper the individuals theyd like to sit with for the next week. She additionally requests that every one designate one individual to be perceived as the uncommon study hall resident of that week. This may sound truly normal, until you understand what shes really doing with these assignments. Once the youngsters have left the structure, this fifth-grade math educator and previous NASA worker scours her understudies selections for designs. Who isn't getting mentioned by any other person? Who doesn’t even realize who to ask for? Who never persuades saw enough to be assigned? Who had a million companions a week ago and none this week? Chase’s instructor isn't searching for another seating graph or â€Å"exceptional citizens.† Chase’s educator is searching for desolate kids. She’s searching for youngsters who are attempting to interface with other kids. She’s distinguishing the little ones who are getting lost in an outright flood of the class’s public activity. She is finding whose endowments are going unnoticed by their companions. Also, she’s nailing down â€â right away â€â who’s being tormented and who is doing the harassing. Flabbergasted, Merton asked to what extent shed been doing this for, to which the educator answered, Ever since Columbine. Each and every evening since Columbine. Goodness. That implies that before Sandy Hook, before Newtown, before any of the other 22 acts of mass violence that have occurred since April twentieth, 1999, this instructor realized that the wellspring of outward savagery is inward depression. She knew about an approach to recognize the understudies enduring a separation and she realized how to fix it. What's more, what this mathematician has discovered while utilizing this framework is something she actually definitely knew: that everything †even love, in any event, having a place †has an example to it. What's more, she finds those examples through those rundowns †she breaks the codes of disengagement. After a long profession of attempting to guarantee childrens security and mental prosperity, this moving educator resigns this year. It really is great there are such a significant number of out there to convey the torchâ †we just need to get the message out to show them how. How would you or educators you know move empathy in your understudies? What techniques would you be able to share that lessen a childs disengagement before it turns into an enduring issue? Marry love to hear your considerations in a remark.

A Seemingly Stressful Survey

A Seemingly Stressful Survey Now I get to mention something cool that I do with my life here! It may have casually come up in the times that I’ve written here that I am a News Editor for our campus newspaper, The Tech. For me, that means one night a week in our office on the 4th floor of the student center reading through the news section, editing stories, making sure that content comes in on time, writing last minute stories, and essentially making sure that there’s stuff to go on the front page. It falls on the shoulders of me and the two other news editors to make sure that you get your bi-weekly (twice weekly) dose of news from reading our paper. Over the past month or so, as me and the other news editors were a part of the survey committee, we had to make sure there this ENTIRE spread of stories was edited and ready to run in our latest feature. If you haven’t checked it out yet, you should!  http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N59/pressure/index.htm It also includes an interview with fellow admissions blogger Lydia K! http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N59/lydiakinterview.html This feature is all about the stress that students feel while being in school here at MIT. We ran a survey starting right before Thanksgiving and got responses from 3,191 undergrads and graduate students about what makes them stressed here at the institute. I’m sure you might have heard, but MIT IS HARD! There are always things going on, work to be done, and I feel, especially after this year, that it’s very easy to take on too much. I’ll let the data and the stories speak for themselves, but remember, that even though we may feel stressed out, inadequate, even down right depressed sometimes, you don’t have to go it alone. There are a lot of resources here to help you get the support you need so you can be the best you can be during your time here. In the end, it comes down to you recognizing that you’re still awesome people. MIT might throw you for a loop, but it’s ok to make mistakes. If we didn’t make mistakes and everything was easy, how would we learn? Anyway, I spent A LOT of time in The Tech office and with Tech people getting this done. Putting it together has been a bit of a stressful process (see what I did there?), but I hope you like it.

Exploratory Report Example - 977 Words

XXXXXXXXX Exploratory Report Stake-Holders: People/Entities The conflict of the Ground Zero mosque has become one of the fiercest religious based debates in recent years. One of the most influential men in the debate is Feisal Abdul Rauf. Rauf is the Imam (leader in prayer) at the current New York City mosque just a few blocks away from the proposed location of the future mosque. He has put a lot of time and money into this proposed mosque and does not plan to give up on it. Another key person in this issue is Sharif El-Gamal, the CEO of Soho Properties. Soho Properties is the company who purchased the lot where they plan to build the mosque, and who is overseeing the hiring and funding to complete the project. Sharif and Feisal have been†¦show more content†¦The main reason for opposing this mosque is the location of it being too close to Ground Zero. Those who oppose it do not necessarily oppose mosques in America, since there are over 23,000 of them. Rather, they oppose i t being near a location where Islamic terrorists attacked America nine years ago on 9/11. Many Muslim-Americans, such as Raheel Raza, say building this mosque would be a slap in the face to America. Also, there are a lot of mysteries behind this mosque such as where the funding is going to come from. Rauf has said he is going to release where all the funds are coming from, but has yet to even after many requests. Many are led to believe that Radical Extremists are providing funds, and the Park51 group has neither confirmed nor denied these allegations. The biggest person opposing this project is Newt Gingrich. He is quoted on the record many times saying this building is going to be looked at as a victory mosque for the terrorists. The people opposing this project have compared this situation to that of when the Catholic nuns built a convent in Auschwitz to honor those who were killed, and had no intentions other than peaceful ones, just like the Park51 leaders. The Jewish community became very hostile and started protesting and causing riots. When Pope John Paul heard about this aggression, he asked the nuns to vacate the land to maintain peace. Those against this mosque raise theShow MoreRelatedAMB201 Tutorial 21216 Words   |  5 PagesAMB201 Marketing and Audience Research Tutorial 2 Exploratory Research and Exploratory Report Today’s Agenda ï‚ § Practice questions ï‚ § Exploratory research ï‚ § Requirements for Exploratory Report ï‚ § Attendance sheet (ensure your name is checked off) Practice Questions 1. The research question â€Å"What are the most popular tourist destinations for visitors to Australia?† would be addressed with which type of research? a) Exploratory c) Causal b) Descriptive d) Analysis Practice Questions 2. A researcherRead MoreEssay about Marketing Research Tools1167 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch are exploratory, descriptive, and casual research. 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For example, if you want to know why people are not buying your product, the researchers know to target consumers who buy competitive products and ask whether they considered your products. (shukla, 2006) There are 3 types of marketing research problem, first one is the exploratory research it is used in cases where the marketer has no idea about the research problem due to lack of proper information. For example, a marketer has heard about social media marketingRead MoreTesting Approach And Overall Framework1653 Words   |  7 Pagesdescription of the process to set up a valid test (e.g.: entry / exit criteria, creation of test cases, specific tasks to perform, scheduling, data strategy). †¢ Execution Strategy: describes how the test will be performed and process to identify and report defects, and to fix and implement fixes. 1.1 Test Objective The objective of the test is to verify that the functionality of Foo-Com Enterprise works according to the specifications. 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Study On How To Invest During Recession Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2188 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction, a general slowdown in economic activity over a period of time. During recessions, many macroeconomic indicators vary in a similar way. Production as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household incomes, business profits and inflation all fall during recessions; while bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise. The key to investing during a recession is therefore to start off with the right mentality and do not panic. Recessions can be scary, but they also lay the groundwork for opportunities in the future. Interest rates fall and it becomes less expensive to borrow money. Cost-cutting processes can teach a company to become more innovative and competitive. The lower demand for products and services brings down the effects of inflation. Stock market timing is not exact, but chances are that if you invest during a recession, once the market has r ecovered you will benefit from the increase in price that your investment will bring by way of profit when you do decide to sell. Blue chip stocks are these companies hold leading positions in their industry and have a long, unbroken record of earnings growth and dividend payments. These stocks are high-grade, investment-quality issues of major companies that have the fundamental strength and size to hold their own during a recession and enough resources to capitalize on an economic recovery. All in all, investors who are conservative and who seek safety and stability will usually invest in this group. Examples of blue chip stocks in US stock market include IBM, Intel Corporation, Coca Cola, Bank of American, JP-Morgan Chase, Microsoft Corporation, Walt Disney Company, American Telephone Telegraph, Wal-Mark Stores, General Electric Company, and others. Otherwise, investors typically add defensive stocks to their portfolios during economic recessions, or market downturns. That s because defensive stocks can be expected to perform relatively well during all phases of a business cycle even during difficult economic conditions. A defensive stock is normally associated with a company that belongs to an industry or market sector that is unaffected by business cycles. That is to say, consumer demand for their products or services exists no matter how good or how bad the economy is performing. Defensive stocks are the opposite of cyclical stocks whereby the financial health of cyclical companies move in-sync with the health of the economy. Thats why these stocks are also referred to as non-cyclical stocks. Defensive stocks include companies belonging to the following market sectors are utilities, food beverages, healthcare, non-durable goods. There include American Telephone Telegraph (Telecommunication), Coca-cola Company (Beverages), Johnson Johnson (Pharmaceuticals), Procter Gamble (Consumer goods) and others. The biggest advantage an investor gains throu gh the purchase of defensive stock is a conservative portfolio that should provide above average returns during a recession. The profitability of these stocks will hold up during these hard times because the demand for the products or services of these companies is relatively inelastic. Investments in utility stocks are stocks of electric, water, gas, and telephone companies that are usually with a relatively decent dividend income and high degree of safety. Whether the economy is growing or slowing, people just need electricity, water, gas and phones, these services are an indispensable part of our lives. There include Exelon Corporation, Southern Company, Dominion Resources Industry and American Telephone Telegraph and others. Gold is traditionally seen as a safe investment, especially during a time of financial uncertainty, high inflation, depreciating exchange rates and economic recession. During a recession, gold is seen as a better investment than say the stock market. Sto cks will fall as companies make less profit. Gold is seen as a safe investment for preserving value of assets. This encourages speculative buying of gold as investors diversify out of other riskier investments. Gold has an intrinsic value. A currency like the dollar or Pound Sterling can depreciate in value and the value of the dollar depends on the strength and stability of the US economy. For example, hyperinflation can wipe away the value of your savings e.g. Germany 1923 and Zimbabwe 2008. During this kind of crisis Gold makes a very good investment. Gold will also become attractive if we have negative real interest rates e.g. inflation higher than nominal interest rates. With negative real interest rates, saving in a bank becomes less attractive and gold become more attractive. Gold did well in Great Depression and Second World War which both crisis of different sorts. During a recession, interest rates are typically at their lowest. This means that it will cost the average person less money in terms of interest payments to make large purchases. Among the largest of purchases is the purchase of a home of piece of investment real estate. As the demand for homes tends to decrease during a recession, sellers are forced to lower their asking prices in order to be more appealing to buyers. This lower asking price is also a monetary advantage to the individual looking to invest in a home or to buy a home and hold on to it long enough to have the market rebound and then sell that home for an easy profit. New home sales have seen a steady decline in value during the recession, but that is by no means the only indicator that those looking for an investment opportunity should use to base their decisions off of. Buying a new home that is currently undervalues simply because of the status of the market can be a brilliant investment move. But just as is the case during times where we are not in a recession, certain homes and pieces of property hold their value much better than others. Careful consideration and wise decision making is always something you want to be sure that you remember. Corporate bond is a type of bond issued by a corporation. Corporate bonds often pay higher rates than government or municipal bonds, because they tend to be riskier. The bond holder receives interest payments (yield) and the principal is repaid on a fixed maturity date. US Treasury bond is a negotiable, coupon-bearing debt obligation issued by the U.S. government and backed by its full faith and credit, having a maturity of more than 7 years. Interest is paid semi-annually at fixed coupon rate. U.S. Treasury Bonds are exempt from state and local taxes. These securities have the longest maturity of any bond issued by the U.S. Treasury, from 10 to 30 years. The 30-year bond is also called the long bond. These bonds are not callable, but some older U.S. Treasury Bonds available on the secondary market are callable within five years of the maturity date. The prices of the long term US Treasury Bonds or the highest investment grade bonds would expect to increase during a recession because interest rates tend to fall during a recession. Corporate bonds for a bit more risk and pay out higher amounts but have just a little bit more risk than treasury bonds, especially during a recession. Bonds are considered to be less risky than stocks, since the company has to pay off all its debts (including bonds) before it handles its obligations to stockholders. Corporate bonds have a wide range of ratings and yields because the financial health of the issuers can vary widely. A high-quality Blue Chip company might have bonds carrying an investment-grade rating such as AA (with a low yield but a lower risk of default); while a start up company might have bonds carrying a junk bond rating with a high yield but a higher risk of default. Corporate bonds are traded on major exchanges and are taxable. A high yield bond (non-investment grade bond, specul ative grade bond or junk bond) is a bond that is rated below investment grade at the time of purchase. These bonds have a higher risk of default or other adverse credit events, but typically pay higher yields than better quality bonds in order to make them attractive to investors. Therefore, investors with a greater risk tolerance and much deeper pockets may even want to consider buying into a junk-bond fund. Recent history has shown that junk-bond investors have earned their best returns the year after the junk-bond market bottoms out. In 1991, while the nation was mired in its last recession, the junk-bond market produced an eye-popping 34.6% return on investment, according to Moodys. The impact of declining interest rates is magnified on the junk-bond market because high-yield bonds carry much higher rates than other kinds of bonds. Declining rates make those high yields that much more attractive, which tends to raise the price of the bonds that pay them. An exchange-traded fu nd (or ETF) is an investment vehicle traded on stock exchanges, much like stocks. An ETF holds assets such as stocks or bonds and trades at approximately the same price as the net asset value of its underlying assets over the course of the trading day. Most ETFs track an index, such as the SP 500 or MSCI EAFE. ETFs may be attractive as investments because of their low costs, tax efficiency, and stock-like features. Investors can buying shares in several exchange-traded funds, or ETFs à ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ stocks that track the performance of a major market index such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average or the Nasdaq 100, or are based on actively managed mutual funds. That way, they can participate in any early rally in stocks without being overly exposed to any single companys poor earnings performance. ETFs have grown in popularity with individual investors because theyre cheaper and easier to invest in than traditional stock index funds during recession. Money ma rket deposit account is a savings account which shares some of the characteristics of a money market fund. Like other savings accounts, money market deposit accounts are insured by the Federal government. Money market deposit accounts offer many of the same services as checking accounts although transactions may be somewhat more limited. These accounts are usually managed by banks or brokerages, and can be a convenient place to store money that is to be used for upcoming investments or has been received from the sale of recent investments. They are very safe and highly liquid investments, but offer a lower interest rate than most other investments. Credit default swap is a specific kind of counterparty agreement which allows the transfer of third party credit risk from one party to the other. One party in the swap is a lender and faces credit risk from a third party and the counterparty in the credit default swap agrees to insure this risk in exchange of regular periodic payments es sentially an insurance premium. If the third party defaults, the party providing insurance will have to purchase from the insured party the defaulted asset. In turn, the insurer pays the insured the remaining interest on the debt, as well as the principal. During recession, investors should keep some extra money in an interest-bearing money-market account especially if theyre investing money theyll need fairly soon. Investors shouldnt expect to get rich off the 4% annual yields offered on most money-market accounts but at least theyre guaranteed to make some money. Investors also stash some money in six-month or one-year bank certificates of deposit which on average pay a 2% higher annual yield than a money-market account. For the casual investor who does not have the time or inclination to actively manage his or her own portfolio, mutual funds reduce the time and effort needed. That stays true even in a recession. The trick is finding mutual funds that do well in tough economic times. There are certain industries that weather recession better than others and the best mutual funds will be sector funds which are based on a specific industry. Industries that do well during economic downturn include utilities and staple consumer goods. Mutual funds in recession-proof sectors can still be volatile and under-perform if the fund manager buys and sells constantly or the fund charges a high management fee. Review the fee structures for the funds you are considering and choose one with a high historical return and low fee. Other mutual funds that can be considered as recession proof would include money market funds and bond funds. The best way to use mutual funds both before and after a recession is to have a diversified mutual fund portfolio in the first place. Having a constructed portfolio of both stocks and bonds will provide you an opportunity or cushion for participating in stock market growth or markets decline. Conclusion, recession may not seem like the best time to be investing your money but just because we are in a recession doesnà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢t mean the market has come to a complete standstill. There are different ways you can invest which obviously vary depending on your current financial situation, but yes, there is an investment possibility for everyone, which can help put a little extra savings back in your pocket and even yield some future wealth down the road. Practicing a bit of patience and proper financial planning can go a long way in these times of economic turbulence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On How To Invest During Recession Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Unique Examples of National Pride Free Essays

Unique Examples of National Pride : In the first story I read â€Å"Cathleen Ni Houlihan† (which was actually an amazing story! ) I felt that before the OLD WOMAN came the family was kind of selfish and greedy (with the whole money thing) and when the OLD WOMAN came they changed and they became instantly unselfish and not greedy they wanted to help her out. And later in the story the OLD WOMAN changed everyone’s prospective at life including Michael who is getting married to Delia and then he totally forgot that he was getting married to her just because the OLD WOMAN changed his way of looking at things including his marriage. And the OLD WOMAN told them how many people died just for her and to get her lands back(Irish). We will write a custom essay sample on Unique Examples of National Pride or any similar topic only for you Order Now And she had much Pride into getting her lands back and fighting the Irish for taking it. The second story I read is â€Å"Address to General William Henry Harrison† The main guy in the story, Shawnee had very much respect for his country. He said he would do anything for his country ! And he argued with his brother about being better then what he was acting selling the country and then Shawnee said â€Å"Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children? † The Red People wanted to take over they’re country and Shawnee’s brother seemed like he wanted to sell the country because he didn’t want to fight for his country. Then Shawnee brought up Jesus dying on The Cross for us. Then he told his brother â€Å"Everything I have told you is the truth. The Great Spirit has inspired me. † How the two are the same or compared†¦ They both had pride and sacrifice for the things they stood up for. They loved there country so much they would die for it. And in the two stories I found that they are very much alike because the. OLD WOMAN and Shawnee are a like they both fought for what the believed in and for there country. They both wanted freedom and they both inspired another person to fight in the war beside them. How to cite Unique Examples of National Pride, Papers

Earnings and Management Guidance Strategy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Earnings and Management Guidance Strategy. Answer: Introduction: The internal information of the firms play a major role in tax planning and that plays a major role in tax avoidance. If there is no adequate information that is available then companies might end up losing tax cuts. It is difficult to coordinate the different department of the firm for the sake of tax planning and sometimes the tax documentation might be so much that the tax authorities will nullify the same. It is thus important that awareness must be there and all departments must be coordinated to make sure that effective tax planning is done(Mayntz, 2017). However strangely in todays time the presence of evidences states that the importance of the internal information of the firm might end up affecting its tax avoidance capabilities. In this research paper we will try to understand how the internal information of any company might affect its overall tax avoidance and what role does it play in it. The report will follow the flow of information towards the concept of tax planning and that might end up affecting its prospects of tax avoidance. Tax avoidance is legally practiced but there is a very thin line between tax avoidance and tax evasion. Often while planning ethically people end up hiding their income by unlawful means thus that must be avoided. We will also study the overall role of the internal information in tax avoidance and judge the various aspects of the information that is available on the basis of various parameters like availability, accessibility, quality, importance to the firm in regard to the overall financials of the company. If the firm employs high quality accounting information system it will be able to use the same to extract high quality information accordingly(Minnis Sutherland, 2017). The various aspects of internal information have still been neglected in terms of tax planning but slowly its importance is being established. If good information is not available, tax planning might not be up to the mark, and that might affect the overall flow of data. It is difficult to establish effective coordination of tax planning across business or geographical segments. There is huge risk involved in the same as the firm documentation might not be able to prove the same and hence that will bring the firm in worse position. It is thus important that internal information must be properly regulated to avoid any kind of flow of such data from one source to another without regulation. For example Bayer has suggested in its reports that it might take several years for it to provide Research and development documentation and that has affected the overall tax standing of the company. Moreover companies around the globe are facing issues in managing their transfer pricing data, only 49 percent of all the countries globally flow their transfer pricing data through automated systems rest all are still struggling with the same. So that is affecting their overall standing in terms of tax prospects, if they dont have proper documentation they will not be able to prove their stand in front of the tax authorities. Thus the importance of effective documentation and the use of proper accounting system to maintain the same are very vital for any firm(Pape, 2017). The managerial decisions also pay an important role in case of the same. Thus as much as it is important to identify the correct information that will help in tax avoidance that must important it is to make sure that firms take necessary steps in maintenance and documentation of the same. Even if the firms are able to do practice effective tax planning that reduces their tax liability considerably, if they are not able to prove the same in front of the taxation authorities through proper documentation it will in crease more risk for the firm. In this research paper the need and importance of the same will be explained with support of examples and theories(Rodriguez Kaczmarek, 2016). To ascertain the importance of the internal information of the firm for the prospects of tax avoidance. To ascertain the need for good accounting management system that will help in maintenance of the documentation related to the internal information system and will also help in the flow of data from one department to others. The resilience that the firms put on tax avoidance to make sure that they end up paying less taxes and how the government is effected by the same. The steps that the government has taken in recent times to reduce the tax evasion and tax avoidance and the importance that it stress on documentation will be explained briefly. The research questions forms the basis that decides the flow of the research paper. In this assignment we will focus on certain aspects of tax avoidance and internal information importance will be highlighted in the same. The basic questions will cover coordination requirements between the different departments of the organization. Most of the departments practices decentralization in todays world, as per which the information is not accumulated and stored at a single place but is widespread across various locations on a rational basis. But this information is not available to the managers and they often fails to locate the flow of the same thus affect the tax planning that is done by the company(Werner, 2017). In case of active businesses the level of interaction is very high but when it comes to businesses that have been operating from many years and in which some departments ceases to exist, it becomes difficult to trace the flow of information and document the same in that regar d. Thus decentralization of information on a rational basis and ascertaining that flow of data happens accordingly is very important from the prospects of tax planning(Visinescu, Jones, Sidorova, 2017). And thus same will be discussed in this research paper, as on how the companies can employ good accounting software that can help them in managing their data effectively. In case of tax planning there is presence of huge uncertainty as the tax rules and guidelines are changing continuously, the government is always looking for rules and ways by which it can prevent companies from avoiding their tax avoidance. It is thus important that while planning for the tax elements the companies must see to it that the managers and the people who are given this responsibility must have proper knowledge in that regard that will help them in reducing the issues that they face with the tax department in terms of wrong tax rules or lack of effective documentation(Trieu, 2017). Thus the research question can be on how the managers can make sure that the level of uncertainty is reduced to acceptable level and they should make sure that they are employing experts who have good knowledge of this field of study. Thus that will help in reducing the tax issues. The tax avoidance planning also consists of tax risk. Tax risk occurs in case the management is not able to prove their tax calculation on the basis of the taxable income that they have shown; it might affect their business very badly and can cause them huge penalty. It is always preferable that level of risk must be comprehended beforehand, and then tax planning must be done. If there are two companies that have employed tax avoidance methods that have reduced their liability to a certain level then out of the two company the company that have better documentation and will be able to prove the department will have better chances of not facing any issues(Maynard, 2017). Thus there is a significant level of risk that must be avoided. And the research question will be formed on that regard ascertaining the ways by which the company can avoid their risk elements. What is the need of decentralization in case of tax avoidance and maintenance of the quality of internal information of the company? What are the ways in which the company can avoid the risk that is involved with tax planning and management? What are the methods that the company must follow if they want to reduce the high level of uncertainty that is involved with tax planning? How important it is for the companies to maintain quality internal information to satisfy the needs of the department and what role it will play in tax avoidance is the most important question that will be covered in this research paper. A wide and elaborated research was conducted by Jafari Amine Isfahani (2014) that focused on the corporate social responsibility of the companies around the globe to practice tax avoidance. For his research he studied at least 92 firms and drew up a report on how effective were these companies in suing their internal information for avoiding their taxes considerably. The results of his research stated that social responsibility had on effect on tax avoidance. There was no connection between tax avoidance and social responsibility(Trieu, 2017). It was important for the firms to make sure that they were avoiding the taxes on ethical basis and this in no way made them non ethical towards the government. Tax evasion was illegal but same cannot be said for tax avoidance. But what was the responsibility of the government was to make sure that they were practicing tax avoidance activities in such a way that they had proof for the same for the department. It is thus important that they must have proper documentation in that regard. If they are not able to proof the context on the basis of which they were avoiding the taxes that will become unethical. Even if they have no social responsibility they were responsible to avoid the tax disputes that might occur in case they practice wrong tax practices. That forms the basis of the research that was done by Jafari. Relation between Taxable income and Planning of Tax A simple study was carried out a study to study the relation between the taxable income and planning of tax avoidance based on the same and ascertaining the sensitiveness of the information in that regard. This research was conducted to ascertain the smoothing effect of tax avoidance on the overall profitability of the company. He also made investigation on 92 firms that were paying taxes and the main basis was the rate on which the taxes were paid by the company. It was reflected that there was a negative relation between the tax smoothing for income purposes and tax avoidance by applying different laws and principles. It was stated in this regard that smoothing for tax purposes the income might end up lacking the certainty for future tax advantages and provides the firm with abilities to implement better taxation practices. It also stated that exists a negative relative between the smoothing of information and the related information in that regard. It was highlighted that smoothin g the tax included income might end up reducing its overall information content that is related to it. In this research, the author made a note on the various aspects of the information that is related to the overall smoothing of information and taking necessary decisions in that regards. It highlights the issue that is associated with information related to smoothing of information for the purposes of tax. The managerial accounting research has struggled from previous ages on the lack of proper information for tax purposes. Effective management accounting is important for managing the level of internal information that is made available for the companies for tax purposes. The basic issues that relate to the internal information like uncertainty, lack of proper source, lack of proper acceleration might cause deviations in the overall tax planning for the company. This effect the tax avoidance practices a lot and might cause overstatement or understatement of income. There are few public proxies in this regard that deals with the overall quality of the internal information that is available for the managers of the company. Each of these proxies are discussed below in detail(Hanlon, 2010). Use of Accounting Information System Jennings 2012, states the importance of using sophisticated system of accounting for maintaining the internal information and recording the same through accounting information software. It paid resilience on coordination of the information and that helps in solving many issues like increasing the accuracy, removing manual intervention, streamlining reporting of information from time to time. Previously manual method of data collection and analysis was followed but now with advent of technology the same has changed a lot and automatic method of data retrieval has taken place. The companies must appoint experts to make sure that there is no loss of data from such system, proper security is maintained. The data must be entered into such system from regulated sources and then analysis of the same must be done. There are not much issues while using such automatic system the major issue is with security and training must be provided to employees to avoid the same. Else it is very fast and very effective method that might help in collecting the data from various departments, analyzing the same and converting them into such forms that they can be easily used by the managers or the people who deal with the same(Jennings, Stoumbos, Tanul, 2012) Second there was Williams 1996, which stated on the importance of the management forecast accuracy. It is important that the managers trace the sources of data on which the forecast is based. Management forecast is an important aspect of tax avoidance and an important source of data also. There must be a positive correlation between the information provided and the management forecasts. In this way, the managers will be applied to rely on the information that has been provided from various sources if they streamline the same to specific sources. This is how management forecasts helps in maintaining the quality of the internal information available for tax purposes. It is important that good quality information must be circulated so that while tax planning is done that information must be taken into place. Thus it is important that the source form and method of circulation of data must be traced so that in future there are no complications because of the same. It is important that pas t data must be studied before making any future forecasts and care must be taken in that regard. The managers of the company must be trained to study the flow of information and take important decisions based on the same y (William, 1996). Material weakness in Internal Information Third article will involve Feng et al. (2009), that stated that if there any material weakness in the internal control system that might affect the internal information very badly. Material weakness might lead to error in the internal information that the organization is using for the prospect of taxation purpose. Thus, care must be taken to remove all such internal weakness from the system. Weakness might also lead to untimely weekly information and the information might become stale. Information from different departments might not be reported to the headquarters on time and then that might not be considered for tax avoidance. Therefore, it is very important that proper audit of various control elements must be done in the organization. It has also been stated that firms that are using good quality ERP system will not be able to identify the material weakness very easily, thus it is important that companies must take necessary steps to reduce the same. If there are huge material we akness then that will lead to huge loss of investment that will be reflected in the overall tax penalty of the company. Thus, we see how sensitivity of the internal information are related to the position of the company and the actions of the management that are taken to maintain effective flow of the same. Other proxies that will be applied in this case will consist of better environment analyst and better market analyst that will be a great indicator of an effective external environment in which the company will operate(Root, 2011). It can thus be said that there is a strong connection between the internal and the external environment in which the company is operating if one does not function the other will also be affected. It is thus important that the overall quality of information that the internal environment is having must be in synced with the information that the external environment possess. This is how the organization can make sure that there are no issues in the intern al environment by making sure that it is in sync with the external environment and based on the market research that has been done in that regard. A higher level of internal information is a pre-requisite for error free external information that the analyst offers after conducting the required level of research and development. These two are the most important variable while designing the research study and effective analysis of the same on that regards(Feng Koch, 2010). Conclusion Thus, based on the above analysis it can be said that effective internal information plays a very important role in maintaining the level of data that is used for the prospects of tax avoidance. Companies while dealing with the same must keep some important point in mind like maintaining the data accessibility and viability and it must be available from secured sources. Timely audit must be done to make sure that there are no loopholes in the internal management system which could lead to adulteration of the data. Effective tax planning by taking necessary steps for maintain the quality of internal information can be done by various methods that includes a) Resolving the uncertainty of the information through better information acquisition b) coordination through various information dissemination tools c) Reducing the overall risk that might be involved in taxation process. The various theories and proxies that have been stated in the assignment can be used accordingly to find the so lutions to the issues that the company faces about maintaining the quality of information. The focus of this paper is on tax avoidance and the companies should see on how they can practice the same ethically. That will help in proofing the same in front of the departments and help them in proving their stand. The main research objectives have been fulfilled stressing on important points related to the overall flow of information, flow of data, assimilation of results and taking decisions accordingly based on the same(Rezai, 2013). The basic recommendations that can be provided to employ better and new methods that might help in keeping the data safe, securing the flow of data from one source to another. Managers can be trained to use the data effectively that the receive and make sure that it matches to their external environment in which the company might be operating. Thus, based on all this we can say that better future prospects will be there fueled by better decisions and that will help in keeping the information flowing and maintain the authenticity of the information that will help the company in practicing better taxation avoidance practices. This will help the company in paying of taxes ethically without any malpractices in that regard. Few other sections that are relevant to this research will help in ascertaining the importance of taxation policies about the tax avoidance practices. It is very important that companies must follow various accounting policies and accounting practices that will help them in tax planning in an innovative way. Tax planning is a very wide field and the companies must employ experts that can help them in this regard. The importance of the internal information of the companies has been stated clearly in this research paper and all the companies must pay heed to the same. The above discussed issues must be taken care of and then the company will be in a good position economically and will be able to avoid the level of taxes that the company must pay to the government. Thus, various taxation provisions must be studied in detail, the rules of the government in that regard must be studied and then the managers must go forward with making better analysis and better forecasts and making the tax avoidance planning based on the same(Blessings, 2010). The most conclusive thing from this research paper is how the companies can go forward and take necessary steps in that regard that will help them in maintain the effectiveness of their information and make sure to use it economically. This research is good in ways as it highlights the major issues that the companies are facing with respect to tax avoidance and sometimes fails to identify the thin line between tax avoidance and tax evasion(Mullineus, 2014). This research highlights the basic issues that company faces with respect to maintaining the quality of the information that the internal environment must offer, and make sure that the external environment is in sync with the same. 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